The Role of Duty In William Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- Shakespeare

The Role of Duty In William Shakespeares HamletKilling a person is not something that anyone lavatory take lightly. In thestory of Hamlet, the uncle of the plays focus character, Prince Hamlet ofDenmark, has murdered the princes incur, stolen the crown, and weds hismother. The ghost of king Hamlet comes to the prince and tells him that hemust avenge his murder. The play follows Hamlets quest of vindicate againsthis murdering incestuous uncle. The question thats left to the reader toanswer is whether or not the last(a) killing of Claudius was an act of dutyor desire for young Hamlet. many may suspect that the reason he wentthrough with his act of revenge was because he wanted to, but the majorityof readers seem to come to the conclusion that his final act was an act ofduty.Hamlets first thoughts on the revenge he has to perform went as follows Ill wipe away each(prenominal) trivial fond records, all saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, that youth and observation copied there and thy commandment all alone shall live. (A1, S5,L99-103)This statement makes it perfectly clear that Hamlet views what he has to doas a job that he has to do for his father.In act 2, scene 2 Hamlet meets an actor who easily displays intense emotionand passion on matters that wear just come to his head. Hamlet askshimself in the soliloquy that followed if he was a coward for notcompleting his task yet. This makes it obvious that killing Claudius isntsomething that Haml... ...on has resulted withLeartes and his mother both dead, and himself mortally wounded. Had hisquest of murder been for desire and not for duty, he wound have killedClaudius before any of this had happened. But since he had to first testthe ghost, and then bide to kill Claudius when he wasnt praying, Hamletends up dying in this scene, along with a host of others. On the slightlybrighter side, Hamlet finally gets the revenge his father needs.The answer to the question of duty or desire arises another quest ion. Ifwe arrived at the same circumstances as Hamlet, could we have actedquicker? Although it seems like Hamlet went astir(predicate) this the wrong waybecause everyone ended up dead, I dont suspect that there are many of usthat could have performed this still-villainous act at the drop of a hat.

Kurt Vonnegut - The Man and His Work :: Kurt Vonnegut

Kurt Vonnegut The Man and His WorkOne of the best, most valuable aspects of reading multiple works by the same reference is getting to know the author as a person. People dont identify with Gregor Samsa they identify with Kafka. Witness the love exhibited by the many fans of Hemingway, a love for both the texts and the drama of the man. Its like that for me with Kurt Vonnegut, besides it strikes me that he pulls it off in an entirely different way.Kafkas work is a reaction to his mental anguish, which is kind of like Vonnegut, who has dealt with the bulk of his personal hardships throughout his career, alone those hardships are not his sole motivation. And, while hes lead an interesting life, it doesnt seem nearly as dramatic or romantic as Hemingways. Plus, Vonnegut is much more(prenominal) overt than either of the two slightly his authorial involvement in his work.But what really forces Vonnegut to impose his presence on the text is his complete inability to remove himself a t all from the act of communication at the core of any work of literature. He revels in that involvement. He has mentioned his desire, what he implies is a normal need of all human beings, for some soul-deep fun. He uses this term as a synonym for greatness. And this has lead to some nasty comments in fiction workshops about stories that Ive written complaints of flat characters, cartoonish plotlines, non-directed criticism, overall pessimism and over-sentimentality for all things lowbrow. Needless to say, sometimes I feel, to varying degrees of pretension, like Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born on November 11, 1922, in inchpolis, Indiana to Kurt Vonnegut, Sr. and Edith Lieber Vonnegut. He had an older brother named Bernard and an older sister named Alice. Kurt, Sr. was a well-known architect in the city and Edith was the daughter of a wet local family. The Vonneguts had been in Indianapolis for several generations, and were well-off, respected members of the community . Unlike the characters in most of his books, Vonneguts early childhood was extremely privileged. It wasnt until the stock market crash of 1929 that he experienced the type of life that he would go on to write about in the future the middle Middle Class.This was devastating to his family.According to mind Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. the depression moved in and made itself at home in the Vonnegut household.

Free Capital Mobility and Capital Control :: Essays Papers

Economists, albeit, argue for free trade, but when it comes down to the idea of untrammeled capital flow, it doesnt seem to get unanimous support. It is a natural phenomenon that almost everything we see in nature (i.e. fluid, air, etc) travels down the concentration gradient. Same way, it had been thought that freeing inter fieldistic capital flow would help the countries that are struggling economically as the capital should flow down the concentration gradient but in creation it doesnt quite happen that way. During the 1980s, beings economic policy makers prevailing view was that money should move freely around the globe, allowing capital to flummox the most profitable and productive investments, no matter what country there happen to be in. Wessel, Davis, 1998 Even though policy makers want to make the world a safer place for free trade in goods, services and capital, according to Rodrik .. the idea of global capitalism is inherently impracticable. Capitalism is, and will remain, a national phenomenon. (Rodrik)Capital is the most of the essence(p) ingredient of a countrys economic existence. It is really important we understand what we really mean by the record concord capital. According to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, the etymology of the enounce capital says that in Medieval Latin this word came to mean the head of cattle or other livestock. De Soto in his book The Mystery of Capital suggests that the cattle and the livestock are low maintenance possessions they are mobile and digest be moved away from danger they can be counted etc. On top of it, they can generate future value by reproducing, or giving us milk, meat, leather, etc. Thus the word capital begins to do two jobs simultaneously- capturing the physical dimension of the assets (livestock) and its potential to generate future surplus (Paraphrased, De Soto, 2000 pg.40-41). So, capital of a country is a very important component for its stable economy. All the countries, rich an d poor, have capitals in their own place. But, some countries know how to inject life to their capitals while the rest of the other countries acquiret- and thats what makes all the difference.Economists have argued for free trade of goods and services for hundreds of years but free capital mobility is a fairly new phenomenon. We have in condition(p) that free trade of goods is beneficial for the consumer it also boosts peoples living standard.

Diabetes :: essays research papers

Since diabetes is such a complex disease with many different forms, I decided to guidance on diabetes type I. This is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This type of diabetes includes people who are dependant on injections of insulin on a daily basis in ordinate to satisfy the bodies insulin needs, they cannot survive without these injections.In order to understand the disease you need to know about insulin. Insulin is a hormone. The role of insulin is to convert the food we eat into several(a) useful substances, discarding everything that is wasteful.It is the job of insulin to see that the useful substances are put to best use for our well-being. The useful substances are used for building cells, are made sterilise for immediate expenditure as energy and also stored for later energy expenditure. Insulin comes from the beta cells which are located in the pancreas. In the case of diabetes type I almost all of the beta cells have been destroyed. Therefore daily injections of insulin become essential to life.The cause of diabetes is an absolute or deficiency of the hormone insulin. As a result of this lack of insulin the processes that involve converting the foods we eat into various useful substances does not occur.One of the products that is of vital importance in our bodies is glucose, a simple carbohydrate incision which is needed by virtually every part of our body as fuel to function.Insulin controls the amount of glucose distributed to vital organs and also the muscles. In diabetics due to the lack of insulin and therefore the control of glucose given to different body parts they face death if they dont inject themselves with insulin daily. Since strict monitoring of diabetes is needed for the control of the disease, little inhabit is left for carelessness. As a result, diabetic patients are susceptible to many other diseases and ser-ious conditions if a proper course of treatment is not followed. Other diseases a diabetic is open to Cardiovascular disease, stroke, Peripheral artery disease, gangrene, kidney disease, blindness, hypertension, nerve damage, impotence etc.

Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka 1954 :: essays research papers

Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka1954Oliver Brown and 12 other plaintiffs (names undisclosed) brought suit against the Board of Education with the help of the NAACP (National companionship for the Advancement of Colored People).During this time in history sequestration existed in some facets of our educational system. In the state of Kansas, to be much precise Topeka, segregation was dominant among elementary schools.A group consisting of Oliver Brown and 12 other parents (20 children involved) wanted equal educational rights and do away with segregation among the school system. apiece person was to look for enrollment dates at the white schools in their neighborhood and take their children to be admitted. The all white school refused to enroll them because of their race. The families then report to the NAACP, who they have recruited to help in this legal matter. The Board of Education was in direct violation of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees a ll citizens equal protection under the virtue, giving cause to file a class action suit.Oliver Brown was designated as the leader of the group because during this time men were dominant in society, having more power than women. On February 28, 1951, the NAACP filed their case against The Board of Education, naming it Oliver L. Brown et. al. Vs. The Board of Education of Topeka (KS). The District court ruled against Brown, resulting in an appeal to the self-governing Court of the United States. When this case made it to the Supreme Court, it was combined with other like cases from Delaware, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. These combined cases became known as Oliver L. Brown, et. at. Vs. The Board of Education of Topeka, et. al. On May 17, 1954 at 1252 p.m. the United States Supreme Court decided unanimously that The Board of Education acted unconstitutionally and that they violated the 14th Amendment by separated children if for no other reason than for their race.In the end, not only did the African Americans receive a victory in this aspect of the civil rights military campaign they also received the memory of this victory in the form of a historical site.

Finnegans Wake :: essays research papers

Finnegans Wake is an old Irish tune, but these words were added later for music-hall usage during the Victorian era. Some Irish people have objected to them as an English inspired stereotype, but I graduation heard this song sung by the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, at the Gate of Horn in Chicago, in the late 50s. To me, no one was more Irish than they were. here it is in honor of Saint Patricks Day.C Tim Finnegan lived on Am Walker Street And a F gentle, Irishman, G mighty odd C Hed a beautiful brogue Am so rich and seraphical And to F rise in the world he G carried a C hod. You see hed a sort o the Am tipplin way With a C love of the liquor poor Am Tim was born And to C booster him on with his Am work each twenty-four hours Hed a F "drop of the cray-thur" G every C morn. Chorus C Whack fol the die do, Am dance to your partner F Welt the floor, your G trotters shake C Wasnt it the Am rectitude I told you F Lots of fun at G Finnegans C wake 2. One mornin Tim was ra ther full His head felt heavy which made him shake He send away from the ladder and broke his skull And they carried him home his system to wake. They rolled him up in a nice clean sheet And laid him out upon the bed, With a gallon of whiskey at his feet And a barrelful of porter at his head. Chorus 3. His friends assembled at the wake And Mrs. Finnegan called for lunch, First they brought in tea and cake Then pipes, tobacco and whiskey punch. Biddy OBrien began to cry "such(prenominal) a nice clean corpse, did you ever see? "Tim, mavourneen, why did you die?" "Arragh, hold your gob" said rice paddy McGee Chorus 4. Then Maggie OConnor took up the undertaking "O Biddy," says she, "Youre wrong, Im sure" Biddy gave her a belt in the gob And left her sprawlin on the floor.Finnegans Wake essays research papers Finnegans Wake is an old Irish tune, but these words were added later for music-hall use during the Victorian era. Some Irish people hav e objected to them as an English inspired stereotype, but I first heard this song sung by the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, at the Gate of Horn in Chicago, in the late 50s. To me, no one was more Irish than they were. Here it is in honor of Saint Patricks Day.C Tim Finnegan lived on Am Walker Street And a F gentle, Irishman, G mighty odd C Hed a beautiful brogue Am so rich and sweet And to F rise in the world he G carried a C hod. You see hed a sort o the Am tipplin way With a C love of the liquor poor Am Tim was born And to C help him on with his Am work each day Hed a F "drop of the cray-thur" G every C morn. Chorus C Whack fol the die do, Am dance to your partner F Welt the floor, your G trotters shake C Wasnt it the Am truth I told you F Lots of fun at G Finnegans C wake 2. One mornin Tim was rather full His head felt heavy which made him shake He fell from the ladder and broke his skull And they carried him home his corpse to wake. They rolled him up in a nice clean sheet And laid him out upon the bed, With a gallon of whiskey at his feet And a barrel of porter at his head. Chorus 3. His friends assembled at the wake And Mrs. Finnegan called for lunch, First they brought in tea and cake Then pipes, tobacco and whiskey punch. Biddy OBrien began to cry "Such a nice clean corpse, did you ever see? "Tim, mavourneen, why did you die?" "Arragh, hold your gob" said Paddy McGee Chorus 4. Then Maggie OConnor took up the job "O Biddy," says she, "Youre wrong, Im sure" Biddy gave her a belt in the gob And left her sprawlin on the floor.

Generators: Electric Power and Ashe Members

pic Regulatory Advisory A service to members, advisories be produced whenever there is a significant development that affects the job you do in your community. A Message to ASHE Members The Joint Commission (JCAHO) is exileing a Field look into of its proposed addition to standard EC. 7. 40 on the inspection, testing and maintenance of pinch power systems. JCAHO proposes to add a new particle of Performance (EP) requiring annual testing of each emergency generator for four continuous hours, under consign.ASHE members argon encouraged to admit full advantage of this opportunity to Provide your input on the essential need for this new requirement, Comment if this requirement depart master greater reliability, Inform JCAHO of the specific impact to your facility from implementing this requirement as it is proposed. The Field Review will close on February 20, 2006 Standard EC. 7. 40 Proposed section of Performance 5The formation tests each emergency generator at least on ce every 12 months for a minimum of four continuous hours. This test shall be conducted under a load (dynamic or static) that is at least 30% of the nameplate rating of the generator. The Field Review is being conducted on the JCAHO website at www. jcaho. org/accredited+organizations/hospitals/standards/ bowl+reviews/ec740_std_fr. htm The notice contains background information that identifies emergency electrical generators as a critical resource for delivery of safe c atomic number 18.The background information further explains that interrogation generators for sufficient lengths of time increases the likelihood of detecting generator reliability problems and reduces the run a risk of losing this critical resource when it (is) most needed. A key question ASHE members should gabfest on is As it is written will the proposed requirement lead to much effective detection of generator reliability problems and in doing so reduce the risk of failure under emergency conditions? The Fi eld Review is organized to challenge both the premise for and the wording of the proposed standard.The survey questions and ASHEs guidance on responding to these questions are on pages 2 and 3 of this alert. All roots should be for your specific facility based on your experience. In addition to providing input on whether this standard will meet its intent, you should focus on possible obstacles to complying with this requirement including resources (fuel and labor costs), disruption to services and patient care during the test, and air emission regulatory compliance issues. ASHE urges you to appropriate this opportunity to commentYour input is essential to pick up this proposed revision is well thought out and will actually improve system reliability. JCAHO Field Review Proposed Emergency Power Testing Standards The Field Review is an on-line survey launched from the Field Review web page at www. jcaho. org/accredited+organizations/hospitals/standards/field+reviews/ec740_std_fr. htm The actual survey is conducted through surveymonkey. com with results compiled for JCAHO. Below are the survey questions with guidance on how to respond to each question 1.Name this is identifyed as optional but we suggest you put up your name 2. Organization again this is optional but we suggest you support this 3. In which one of the following categories are you in the main responding? there is a harken provided to chose from in most cases you will select the first choice as being a Joint Commission Accredited Organization. 4. If you are primarily representing a Joint Commission accredited organization, which one category best describes your role in that organization? similar to the previous question this is a list most ASHE members will choose Facility Maintenance, Facility Design, or Safety Management/Security Management. 5. For which accredited program are you responding to this field review? a list is provided of each of the JCAHO programs for which this propos ed standard will apply. Please select your primary facility (e. g. Hospital). If you have multiple care settings, beguile consider filling out a survey for each different type of care setting. 6. Does your organization rely on an emergency generator to provide care, treatment, and services during electrical power outages? Yes/No 7. Would your organization rely on an emergency generator to continue care, treatment, or services for four hours or more during extended electrical power outages? typically this is Yes unless your program allows for the discontinuation of services and facility evacuation 8. Are the proposed revisions illustrated in Element of Performance 5, comprehensible or clear to your organization? this is where the rubber hits the road. Comment on the proposed standard as it is written dont read into it what you think it is assay to say.If it is not clear please take the time to comment on what is unclear and/or if there is a better way to clearly tell apart wha t they want you to do. 9. Regarding Element of Performance 5, is the required relative frequency for testing emergency generators appropriate? the real question is should this be an annual test? The 2005 translation of NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems requires Level 1 EPSS (Emergency Power Supply Systems) to be tested for at least 4 hours, at least once within every 36 months.ASHE members are represented on the technical committee of NFPA 110 along with manufacturers and designers. This technical committee has voted that a 4 hour test, every three years provides adequate assurance of reliable performance. If you agree with NFPA 110 you should select No. 10. If you indicated no, what would be the appropriate frequency of testing? NFPA 110 requires 36 months (NFPA 110 2005, section 8. 4. 9) 11. Do you feel that a load of 30% of the nameplate rating of the generator required in Element of Performance 5 would adequately assess the generators fueling and cooling systems during the test? NFPA 110 requires the test load to be the EPSS load cartroad at the time of the test. This is to test the ability of the EPSS to deliver the required power to the outlets, lighting, and systems that are on the emergency power system rather then to take it with a load. As written, EP 5 could be met through use of a resistive load strand without testing other vital components of the EPSS including transfer switches and paralleling switchgear. This is a fundamental question will cooking the engine for 4 hours adequately test he fuel and cooling systems and therefore enhance system reliability? Or is should the entire EPSS be tested? If you feel that the entire system should be tested as required by NFPA 110 2005, section 8. 4. 9. 1, answer question 11 as No and list your reasons in the provided space for comment. 12. Would the proposed revisions in Element of Performance 5 be burdensome for your organization? ASHE recommends that you debate this issue with your administration and safety committee to fully identify all the implications of performing this test annually.Issues to discuss include additional resources (fuel consumption and labor to conduct the test), increased amounts of air emissions from the test (state or regional clean air regulations), and disruption to services during the test such as computer based systems on emergency power, lighting, transportation systems, and ventilation systems. Organizations that have experienced any difficulty in scheduling and performing the currently required monthly tests must ensure that all stakeholders are fully informed and supportive of the scheduling and performance of this proposed 4 hour test. 3. If Element of Performance 5 became effective immediately, how long would it take for your organization to be in compliance? this question only allows one of four responses, with a maximum of 12 months. Your response should be informed by the discussion from question 12. If you feel that none of the listed time frames are adequate, utilize the additional comments area at the end of the survey to discuss the compliance timeframe 14. Would your organization utilize outside sources to perform this test required by Element of Performance 5? For example, would your organization need to utilize a load bank to meet the 30% test load requirement? ) Consider if you have the available staff, the available expertise on staff, and/or the available current load to perform this test without taking on additional outside expenses. If you anticipate additional expenses, provide a best-guess of that cost. For questions or comments contact Dale Woodin at emailprotected org or 312-422-3812 https//www. premierinc. com/safety/safety-share/05-06-downloads/11-ashe-fda-bed-rail-entrapment-05-06. pdf

Ethical Issues Affecting Each Component of the Marketing Mix Essay

Ethical Issues Affecting Each Component of the Marketing Mix Ethical issues in businesses among other related issues alike(p) conflicts or success revolves around relationships. In todays business world, it has become inevitable to built strong and effectives in the midst of every last(predicate) the key players in businesses. Key player in this grounds tout ensembleow sh atomic number 18holders, investors, customers, suppliers and managers who are responsible for the development of strategies aimed at attaining success (Carroll et al 403). The mount of directors in every business has the mandate of giving direction and oversight making sure that the business does non stray from its course and remains applicable in achieving its objectives in a socially acceptable, legally acceptable and ethical direction. In many instances of unethical business conduct, there make its a certain leg of compliancy and knowing corporation which acts to perpetuate the acceptance of such cond uct. Importantly, most ethical issues come into existence due to conflicts in belief patterns and value conflicts regarding what is victimize or what is right.This occurs beca wont ethical standards are a derivative of deeply-rooted personal believes and societal morals which may not be universally agreed upon. Ethical issues exist in all functional areas of the businesses including finance, accounting, merchandiseion, merchandise, operations and even management. They involve practices like product safety, human resource management, plant safety, business practices and environmental problems among others (Carroll et al 412). The elements of the marketing blend in are of the essence(predicate) aspects of the business which can be evaluated in the light of ethical issues. Marketing mix encompasses all the major areas of decision making affecting the marketing process and when carefully blended, desirable results for the organization are obtained. Marketing mix is important for all businesses as it shapes the function of marketing in both non-profit making and profit making organizations. As marketing managers make decisions about the overall process of marketing, they squander to consider the specific elements of the marketing mix which include price, promotion, product and place and in other instances they are even supposed to consider the sub-elements in each element in order to return the wants and needs of the customers.Marketing mix holds a special place in businesses in that it is the hub identifying the best and suitable marketing strategy. Its purpose is balancing all the elements in order to come up with an ideal mix of all the controllablevariables. As the markets demands change, the marketing mix also has to be changed in a manner which allows alignment with the goals and objectives of the organization. The outer environment therefore plays a critical role in necessitating alterations and other changes in the marketing mix. One of the most fluctuating variables of the external environment is the customer whose preferences and tastes change swiftly among other factors like brand loyalty (Stone 51). Given the importance of the marketing mix and the fact that all important aspects of the business revolves around it, it becomes a rather sensitive area in ensuring that regardless of the ambitions of the business, the management does not go overboard to affect its relationships with the other stakeholders who have any form of interest in the business (Tittle 12).Ethical issues usually arise when some of these relationships are affected or the moral fiber as defined by law or the society in which this business exists is coarsened. This means that the business has a responsibility of providing the society with good made adhering to all ethical issues and also of high quality. In looking closely at all the elements of the marketing mix and how ethical issues can affect them, it is important to read/write head out that the ess ence of the businesses is not only to maximize profits but also to take care of consumers of the products, the employees and the environment. The product, which is one of the elements of the marketing mix, is a sensitive atom with regard to ethical issues (Swarbrooke and Horner 30). The whole product life cycle is vulnerable to ethical issue right from the development to its elimination. Ethical issues may arise from product package. Since businesses survival depends on attracting and retaining customers, some businesses use packages which do not actually represent what they are offering.This may be in terms of belowweight packaging or the use of colorful packages which do not really depict whats inside. Ethical issues may also arise from the product testing specially for products like medication which must have many guidelines. Testing products on people is unethical and is prohibited by most societies. Cases of selling of banned goods are also many and this also involves the c rossing of many ethical lines. It is highly recommended to ensure that all products entering the market are safe. Although safe in this parapraxis is work to diverse interpretation, it is recommended that businesses disclose all the known harmful effect of product. This also touches on thesensitive issue of genetically modified products which must be clearly labeled to warn the buyers. A very good example of ethical issues arising from particular products was cokes crisis of 1999 to 2001. In this case, ethical dimensions were explored when people cut out ill after consuming this soft inebriety.Much controversy also surrounded this case be micturate school children fell ill after consuming this drink as the company had signed school contracts as a means of promoting the drink among the school children. The company took responsibility and recalled over 5 million cans under recommendation from the Belgium Ministry of Health. This ethical issues also touches on possible ethical issu es which might arise in promotion as another factor in marketing mix. Pricing, which is one of the most regulated areas in marketing, has many possible unethical practices which might even not include illegality. There is price discrimination beam pricing, legal prohibitions, predatory pricing, and government price-fixing among other factors which might draw attention of ethical issues as far as ethical issues are concerned. There should be valid reasons governing the increase of prices of products to rescind taking advantage of the customer. The subjective and emotional nature of pricing avails many avenues of misunderstanding between the buyer and marketer which might cause ethical problems. Common issues of this nature involve failure to disclose the actual price of the product and price fixing.Other acts pertaining pricing include dumping which is the selling of goods at a loss with the aim of increasing market share but do away with competitors and bid rigging. A case which was well explored was that of Ryanair which is an airline company. This company was faced by much controversy due to their pricing and advertising. Bodies like Advertising Standards Authority claimed that this airline company did not advertise the actual prices it was charging. Further criticism was raised because of the fact that, they were charging very low prices with the intent of spoiling the market opportunities for other players and resulted to great losses in the 2008/2009 financial year even for British airways. Although many of these companies claimed that it was due to increased fuel prices, Ryanair was the root cause because it did not hike the prices checkly.Promotion employs different strategies like mass selling, personal selling and sales promotion to ensure the target market is informed of the existence of this product and the benefits ifusing such product (Fraedrich et al 24). Since it involves modes of persuasive communication and the fact that it involves visibi lity advertising, it is frequently criticized part in marketing. One true fact about advertising is the fact that the earliest use of advertising was based on genuine reasons and practices which had no ethical issues. Currently except, many issues are coming up which has forced governments and other bodies to introduce regulations to avoid misleading of customers. The content in the promotions must meet high standards of advertising maintaining truth and honesty. Honesty issues were well explored in the early 1950s when the advertisement of baccy came under much criticism as it was being alleged in advertisements that is promotes health (Carroll et al 5). This of course was found to be untrue and laws were set regarding imitation advertising.This is a very good example of unethical conduct which arose due to promotion and attracted a lot of attention from the press and government. It therefore became paramount that all the promoters tell the truth about their products to avoid o ffence against morality and also the law. Advertisements especially those which will be seen by children must not contain aspects of sex, rage or profanity as they might cross many ethical lines. Still in promotion, it is considered ethically inappropriate and illegal to promote products through minus advertising strategies such as attack advertising. Adverts should not directly attack the disadvantages of the competitors goods but should focus on advantages of their own. With advent of the internet, other forms of advertisement have also emerged some of which are considered unethical in nature.These include spam advertisements among other pop up windows which are unsolicited. Direct mail may also infringe on personal rights and therefore cross some ethical lines. The last element of the market mix to be considered is place. Place in this case covers many aspects leading to availing the product to the target market (Shimizu 13). Any product or service is of no value to the custome r if it is not visible(prenominal) at the right time and place. Ethical issues in the place element arise due to conflicts in the intermediaries of the distribution channel. The relationships in the channel of distribution cause much ethics related issues and these are brought mainly by power imbalance in these relationships.Ethical issues may come in as a result of listing fees which may be hiked and provide a discrepancy between the operations oflarge suppliers and small suppliers. Corruption also comes in as a relevant ethical issue which can come in to the supply chain. Violation of the workers rights and the use of child labor and other practices like ware in sweat shops or ignoring the safety, health or environmental standards can present an ethical problem in the element of place. Sweatshops have been a subject to much controversy in global business ethics. Examples of large corporations which have been implicated in this issue include Reebok, Gap and Nike. Wal-Marts case h owever has been much publicized where employees have been overworked or forced to work for extra hours without pay.Although Wal-Mart has been constantly denying this, there is mounting evidence especially from cases filed in 2005 which suggest that according to the company policy overtime should not be paid. The 1996 Wal-Mart Lee collection was also publicized when it was found that, many of these clothes were made in Honduras in sweatshops with worker laboring for up to 20 hours per day. Discrepancies in pricing of the same item from one place to another are also other forms of unethical acts arising in the element of place. At such a time when there is heightened capitalization of the economy, ethical issues have become critical and the consumer can no agelong be ignored. All decisions regarding marketing planning must therefore uphold high ethical standards. Unethical corporate have the capability of inflicting much woeful to investors, employees and consumers.Works CitedCarrol l, Archie, and Buchholtz, Ann. Business and Society Ethics and Stakeholder Management. Ohio Cengage Learning, 2008. Fraedrich, John, Ferrell O. C., Linda Ferrell. Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Ohio Cengage Learning, 2009 Shimizu, Koichi. Advertising Theory and Strategies.16th ed, Souseisha Book Company 2009. Stone, Phil. Make marketing work for you boost your profits with proven marketing techniques. Small business. Oxford How to Books Ltd, 2001. Swarbrooke, John, and Horner, Susan. Consumer behavior in tourism. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 Tittle, Peg. Ethical issues in business inquiries, cases, and readings. New York Broadview Press, 2000.

Carbon dioxide Essay

Do not write outside the box roughly each page or on blank pages. ? Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 45. ? You are expected to use a ready reckoner where appropriate. ? You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. ? Advice ? In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. (Jan12CHy1H01) K76507 6/6/6 CHY1H 2 Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box 1Petroleum diesel is a enkindle made from crude oil. Biodiesel is a fuel made from vegetable oils. To make biodiesel, large areas of land are needed to grow crops from which the vegetable oils are extracted. oversize areas of forest are cleared by burning the trees to provide more land for growing these crops. Leave as forest Forest Produce intellectual nourishment Burn the trees Grow crops Produce biod iesel 1 (a) 1 (a) (i) Use this information and your knowledge and understanding to answer these questions. Carbon neutral means that there is no increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Accident essay

It was my 13th birthday. I decided to celebrate my birthday at the Cage, a soccer pitch, with my new friends, including my best friend, harried Grunts. His name sounds like, strong, which is indeed true. Once, he was able to move this big table by himself to the other end Isnt it amazing? The people in the soccer pitch that I had rented were filled with emotions. We knew that there are exciting hours waiting for us. However, I had different plans. Every alternate day in my prepare whenever my friends, including Strung Grunts, and I went to the school field to play soccer, my friends would always praise Strung Grunts saying, HeyStrung You are the best soccer player You rock I curled my upper lip to keep myself from speaking. My mind was whirling with thoughts that only made me assume the worst. The feeling of jealousy was slowly growing in me cream my blood, making my eyes go dark, and my mouth become a straight line. I knew that this was the clipping when I could do something to Strung Grunts and make sure that he does not play soccer for the rest of his life. I decided to hurt him indirectly. However, a million of thoughts ran through my mind at that point of time. Should I rattling cause him pain? Isnt he my best friend? Is it wrong?Or is it right? Shouldnt I train myself to become a die soccer player than him? I was in a dilemma. However, my jealousy got the better of me. Rather than thinking whether my act is right or wrong, I spent the time thinking what I shall do to him. Suddenly, an idea struck my mind. There were still 10 minutes left before we planned to start playing a game of soccer. Everybody went to the washroom to get a shower before playing except me. Strung Grunts left his boots outside the washroom before entering. Within a flash, I rapidly went near the washroom, tied the laces of both the shoes together and fled from the washroom. minutes passed. Everyone came out of the washroom. It was very wet and slippery outside the washroom. My heart was thumping and pounding hard. A chill ran down my spine. Strung Grunts went on to put on his shoes without realising what had happened. When he took his first step itself, he slipped and fell down with a bunch. Three, two, one Ahhhhhhhhhh , Strung Grunts shouted out loud as our ears became almost deaf. A flood of tears gushed down his ashen pale cheeks staining the floor. He tried moving both his legs but he was not able to do so. All of us came to him frantically, including me, and gathered around him.We quickly informed this tidings to his mother as soon as possible. Within a flash, his mother came down to the pitch, horrified and bloodcurdling. I was informed that he fractured each of his legs. Moreover, the doctor well-advised him not to engage in any activity that requires the use of his legs for the next six months. Till now, everyone thinks that the slippery floor was the main cause of his accident. However, only I knew the truth. The scar which I have on my heart is invisible to anyone but more painful than anything I have ever felt. I would like to furcate him the truth but I think it is not the right time yet, what about you?

Time I Experienced Failure

When i was in 9th grade I almost failed my history manikin and I was concerned intimately my gpa as advantageously. plan of attack into 9th grade I thought it was spill to be rightfully easy in 9th grade entirely I think the real problem was that I was no. focused At that beat i really didnt know what gpa was and when i got to 10th grade after the prototypic stigma period i had a 3. 0 gpa, i didnt expect that because in the first period of my 10th grade year i did really well but then i was told the lawsuit it was low was because of my 9th grade year.Some measures I wish I could go back to 9th grade and redo the grade. biography crystalise was not the only class that I was worried about because I was just passing some of the other class as well. later the first semester my parents, instructors were all concerned about me and their attention just gave me more pressure to do good. If i could just go back in snip to fix the problems I had that year I really think that w ould help me get a better gpa and make me a better student.After my foremost semester in high discipline all my teachers and parents paid lashings of attention to me which really just terrified me because I really didnt want to extract that history class again. When I look back I just think to myself why did I fool around in that class and not pay attention. Every assignment I got couldnt be completed because I didnt pay attention and when the teacher asked me for I said no. I felt like my teacher thought I was close because he recommend to put me in a lower history class next year but I know he was just doing what was best for me.I felt like nobody believed in me and thought what would happen when I move on in high school because its going to get tougher and tougher every year and I have to be prepared. There was rile at home as well because my parents were really upset and thought what if i cant go to college. My parents were afraid, if my bad grades continued it would be spartan for me to get in college. After my first semester they decided that change was needed so they took my all game consoles, phone and everything till I improved my grades.My parents were at my school during my course selection, they werent dexterous when my teacher recommend me into a lower history class, I wanted to change the recommend and move on to next history class with my garter but my counselor and parents thought I should go a to lower history class. After a fleck I persuaded them into letting me move on but I had to pass history class this year or I would have to repeat equal history class. That day I make a promise to myself that I would study my heart out to pass history class. Things were tough but I knew what I had to do to pass history.I had to stay after school to get help but it was worth it because at the end i passed history. I created lots of practices quiz, flashcards to help me through the class. I legato use those strategies to this day, I am sure th ats the reason for my success in my classes. During this time my parents were pushing me to do better and they werent that happy because I passed history by 2 percent. Going into 10th grade I knew i had to get better grades which is what I did, I made lots of changes during the time which was necessary.I set goals to accomplished through every semester in 10th grade. In 9th grade I was scared to ask questions because if i said something dumb people would laugh at me but in 10th grade I didnt care who laughed at me and asked lots of questions. All these things made me a better person and student. In all, I wanted to redo my 9th grade but in honesty if i didnt have that year in my experiences I would have never learned from the mistakes. I would have never pushed my conscience to try harder and dont give up. 9th grade was a rollercoaster ride but at the end I came out successful.Time I Experienced FailureWhen i was in 9th grade I almost failed my history class and I was concerned abou t my gpa as well. Coming into 9th grade I thought it was going to be really easy in 9th grade but I think the real problem was that I was not focused At that time i really didnt know what gpa was and when i got to 10th grade after the first marking period i had a 3.0 gpa, i didnt expect that because in the first period of my 10th grade year i did really well but then i was told the reason it was low was because of my 9th grade year. Sometimes I wish I could go back to 9th grade and redo the grade. History class was not the only class that I was worried about because I was just passing some of the other class as well. After the first semester my parents, teachers were all concerned about me and their attention just gave me more pressure to do good.If i could just go back in time to fix the problems I had that year I really think that would help me get a better gpa and make me a better student. After my 1st semester in high school all my teachers and parents paid lots of attention to me which really just scared me because I really didnt want to repeat that history class again. When I look back I just think to myself why did I fool around in that class and not pay attention.Every assignment I got couldnt be completed because I didnt pay attention and when the teacher asked me for I said no. I felt like my teacher thought I was dumb because he recommend to put me in a lower history class next year but I know he was just doing what was best for me. I felt like nobody believed in me and thought what would happen when I move on in high school because its going to get tougher and tougher every year and I have to be prepared.There was trouble at home as well because my parents were really upset and thought what if i cant go to college. My parents were afraid, if my bad grades continued it would be hard for me to get incollege. After my first semester they decided that change was needed so they took my all game consoles, phone and everything till I improved my grades.My parents were at my school during my course selection, they werent happy when my teacher recommend me into a lower history class, I wanted to change the recommend and move on to next history class with my friend but my counselor and parents thought I should go a to lower history class. After a while I persuaded them into letting me move on but I had to pass history class this year or I would have to repeat same history class. That day I made a promise to myself that I would study my heart out to pass history class.Things were tough but I knew what I had to do to pass history. I had to stay after school to get help but it was worth it because at the end i passed history. I created lots of practices quiz, flashcards to help me through the class.I still use those strategies to this day, I am sure thats the reason for my success in my classes. During this time my parents were pushing me to do better and they werent that happy because I passed history by 2 percent.Going into 10th grade I knew i had to get better grades which is what I did, I made lots of changes during the time which was necessary. I set goals to accomplished through every semester in 10th grade. In 9th grade I was scared to ask questions because if i said something dumb people would laugh at me but in 10th grade I didnt care who laughed at me and asked lots of questions. All these things made me a better person and student.In all, I wanted to redo my 9th grade but in honesty if i didnt have that year in my experiences I would have never learned from the mistakes. I would have never pushed my conscience to try harder and dont give up. 9th grade was a rollercoaster ride but at the end I came out successful.

Youth and Its Power for India

India,now be ond at 65 is in my view one of the largest reservoir of Youth population. Generally defined in the age group of 16-30 years constitute of more than 40% of Indias population which is indeed a large force. We atomic number 18 energetic, enthusiastic and al representations full of keenness to do the impossible. If we exclude the young, the rest of the population of India will comprises of old people and children. They apprise non be called the real man forcefulness of the nation.So it is evident that if the youth of the country are not enthused to devote their energies to the task of national reconstruction,the whole Youth Power for India is wasted,or the other way why we youth should wait for someone to enthuse us to show the Youth Power of India. This is our land,our country and it totally depends on us(Indian Youths) how we take our country forward. But having such a massive youth population in India will not do each good if our youth population is not shown the rig ht path.Most of the youth in India are generally without any direction,If we can harness this powerhouse of the nation in the right direction then the country can reach untold heights. Being said that we should not completely depend on our Government to harness this powerhouse,contribution of all sides is required for this. The best and the first and foremost way to strengthen our youth are to set up them Education. Education plays a vital role for this,we should be able to educate all our youth from the initial stages of their life,We should be able to make them understand the immenseness of Education.Not just any kind of Education, but the right kind of Education which makes them scientific, logical, open-minded, self-respecting, responsible, honest and patriotic. Without these virtues being developed, our youth cannot walk in the desired way and they will stay in a deep slumber of complacency. Even education to some extent will not help as we chatter many educated young popula tion working overseas,The question is why cant they do it here,the nswer lies in lack of opportunities which is in plenty in other countires. Why our country is unable to offer such opportunities to us? Its because the Government have not taken any initiative or we the youth have not taken any steps to make government realise the power of youth. Have we forgotten that today India is Independent because of the youth power in our freedom struggle,we owe Independent India to the youth power of our past and to make it better for our future generation we must rise once over again together.Youth of India must be able to come up with new ideas of Entrepreneurship which is very vital for the countrys growth. For a youth educated in India he/she must think about the development in India which now have utmost important for our countrys development. Let us revolve around on constructively using the power of the youth for the betterment of the nation. Let us frame such policies which aim at e mpowering our youth so that we can be assured of a better future and a brighter tomorrow.

General Motors

Is primarily engaged In the production of vehicles. It designs, manufactures and securities industrys car, trucks, and other automobile parts all in all everywhere the world. GM has a strong fall guy portfolio gives It significant competitive advantage. However, sustained decline in send off vehicle sales as a expiration of increasing durability of vehicles and weak economic conditional pressure on the overall performance of the company. strengths Global presence New vision and strategy virile grass portfolio knock-down(prenominal) presence in China weaknessHigh cost structure Brand dilution Bureaucratic close Car recall familiarity of home marketplace 4 strong performing brands Threats Opportunities Positive military capability toward green vehicles Fluctuating fuel prices Increasing fuel New emission standards prices Changing customer take Growth through acquisition Rising fresh material prices Intense competition Exchange evaluate Strengths Global presence, GM wa s the leading auto manufacturer in terms of sales for 77 historic period until 2007. The business has grown its presence In the world and is now operating in 157 countries, while its Chevrolet brand reached world record sales (4. million units). New vision and strategy. after 2008 bailout. GM has experienced major changes and reorganized the way it does business. New members were appointed to the firms management team with Daniel Akerson as the CEO. He shook GMs bureaucratic organizational culture and introduced new strategy and visions to the business, GM became smaller but wizen and is becoming more. Strong brand portfolio, GM currently sells 18 automobile brand to satisfy as many customer needs as possible. The most popular brand ar Cadillac, Buick GMC, and Chevrolet that sells very well In USA and china.Chevrolet reached global sales record and sold 4. 95 million units in 2012. Strong presence in China, China is the largest automotive market and Is an emerging economy that grows steadily. It is also the flake largest market for GM in terms of vehicle units sold. An early entrance into China, well performing partnerships and local Buick brand ar the main reasons why GM has a strong position in Chinas automotive market. Knowledge of home market, GM is the largest car manufacturer In US and currently holds more than 18% market share. 1 OF3 I nls Is malnly Oue to extensive Knowledge 0T market ana Its consumer. well performing brands, GMs has one of the highest cost structures compared to all automobiles manufacturers. GMs Cadillac, GMC, Chevrolet, and Buick are among the best-selling brands in US and China and brings in more than 80% of all normal Motors sales. Weakness High cost structures, GM has one of the highest cost structures compared to all automobiles manufacturers. GM costs are driven by its generous employee compensation and pension plans. Although GM has reduced its cost after 2008 it simmer down has a lot to do to become cost competitive. Brand dilution, GM controls 18 automobile brands that vary in quality and are sold in separate markets. With so many brands in sales, customers find it ticklish to identify which brand belongs to GM family, as only one of 18 brands carry GM letters. The result is lower GM brand awareness. Bureaucratic culture, before reorganization in 2008, GM was infamous for its firm culture and structure. Since them, the company has made some cultural and structural changes but should continue improving as it isnt as quick as it competitors in reaching to constantly changing environment.Car recall, last year, General Motors ecalled 119,000 pickups repayable to missing hood latch. The same year it had to recall it Chevrolet volt and fix battery problems. Recalls are pricey and damages brand reputation, especially when the company announces them so often. Opportunities Positive attitude toward green vehicle, today consumers are more aware of the negative effects (air pollution) caused by cars f ueled by petrol and diesel. Large quantities of C02 emission intensity greenhouse effect, and negatively impact the life on earth, and thus, consumers are more likely to debauch new hybrid and electric automobileal cars hat emit less c02.Increasing fuel price, increasing fuel prices indeterminate up large markets for GMs hybrid and electric cars as consumers shift toward cheaper fuel types. Changing customer needs, by introducing new cars models, General Motors would be able to meet changing customer needs for smaller and more fuel-efficient cars. Growth through acquisitions, GM has successfully acquired many car companies in the past and should continue doing so to gain new skills assets and access to new market. Threats Fluctuating fuel prices, due to increasing extraction of shale gas, futurity fuel prices hould drop and make electric and hybrid cars less attractive.GM would treat the project of hybrid and electric cars as losses, rather than perspective future cars. On the ot her hand, steeping fuel prices would make current GM models less attractive to cost conscious consumer lower amounts of fuel. New emission standards, a new curve for stricter regulation on vehicle emission standards may negatively affect GMs finances. The corporate would have to set up large amount of money to comply with these new standards. Rising raw material prices, rising prices for raw metals will lift he cost for auto manufactures and result in squeezed profits for the companies.Intense competition, for 77 historic period from 1931 to 2007, GM led global sales of vehicles, but lost its position in 2008 due to change magnitude competition of cheaper and better quality cars, especially from Japan and South Korea. Exchange rates, China are GMs second largest market and the business earns huge profits there. Exchange rate fluctuations threaten GMs profits if the dollar would assess against Chinese renminbi.

Fields Which Contributed to the Growth and Development of Psychology Essay

psychological science and AnthropologyAnthropology is the chew over of universe and psychology is the study of human mind. So there is an obvious connection between the two fields. Anthropologists study the past and present of humans to understand the complexity of cultures across the human history. It is evident that this field has contributed to what psychological science is today. Early poseings reveal that there was a hollow in the skulls they have found in the rock and roll Age. Psychologists believe that this was the first methods used by our ancestors to treat those who were possessed by evil nubs. They thought that the spirit was in the head and therefore make a hole in the skull, so that the spirit could go a mood. Surprisingly this may coverm to have worked back in time. The findings on different cultures by anthropologists has greatly help psychologists adjust themselves when dealing with individuals with different cultural backgrounds as well as multicultural gro upsPsychology and BiologyBiology is the field that study living organisms. The most important study of biology that has bear upon psychology in a great deal is the study of human brain. Brain plays an important component in our sensation and perception. It is the mediator that controls our responses to the stimuli and its impossible to study the sensory processing without knowing the social occasion of the brain. Also, the finding of the localization of ructions in the brain has helped psychologists to categorize the disorders and improve the treatments. Secondly, genetics plays a major social occasion in Psychology too. In the study of personality, we must consider both genetic and social acquisition experience to get a good understanding. Studying one alone would not lead to a full explanation. We do even have a separate branch in modern psychology related to biology. These biological psychologists study the relationship between the physiological bases and behavior.Psychology and EvolutionEvolution is the replace in inherited characteristics of population over generations. It is in fact an interesting field to study in relation to Psychology. Charles Darwin in his theory proposed how new species are created and how existing species changes to adapt to the current environment. The human organic evolution suggests that humans have changed not entirely physically but overly behaviorally. It is surprising to see the persistent way man has come since then. This does not necessarily take ages. Just think about whom you was when you were a 12 year old and look at a 12 year old today. You allow for be amazed at how they have changes in a few years time. And when you think way back, how did man who had no language initially are multi lingual now? Psychologists are keen to find out answers to these questions. How did man acquire languages, how was it developed, how men did started creating relationships with each other, with animals etc Answering these ques tions has lead psychology grow as a filed, day by day to where it is now. Learning differences, adapting to differences, both behaviorally and psychologically was what we learnt from evolution.Natural cream, Sexual pickaxe and adaptation are important principles that have contributed to the field of psychology. Natural selection talks about the pick of the fittest. Species that have stronger adaptations skills tend to pass on these genes to the next generation and has better chances of survival whereas Sexual selection talks about the principles of attraction. Adaptation in the other hand explains why certain behaviors exist and also the Ultimate proximate causes of such behavior. These adaptations increase fitness. For example, a pregnant mothers show aversion to toxic intellectual nourishment during their pregnancy. This is an adaptation to protect the fetus.Psychology and MedicineDevelopment in the field of medicine has indeed aided Psychology in its journey up to date. Findi ng of various new medication techniques had caused implementation of in effect(p) treatment techniques with patients. Even if psychologists do not prescribe medicine, medication indeed helps. For an example, you cannot start psychotherapy on a severely depressed client. Medication is used to bring down the severity and then only the psychotherapy begins. And especially for disorder like schizophrenia, OCD, etc., medication has become a must. And it is proven that it needs medication and psychotherapy combined with social skills training works best for most psychological disorders.Psychology and BuddhismPsychology ahs or so of its roots embedded in Buddhism too. Meditation techniques Buddhists use are used in some areas of Psychology. Further when you look at Psychological schools live Existentialism and Humanistic perspective we can see a lot of touches added by Buddhism. The famous existentialist Yalom, talks about four principles death, freedom, isolation and meaninglessness. A nd when examine his theory you come across a lot of Buddhist principles he has used in exploitation the theory.Also in the fairly new treatment technique MBCT, which is used mainly to treat dawdle prevention in depression, and it also has got Buddhists principles embedded in it. Concept of Metacognitive Awareness is one example that instantaneously relates with Buddhism. Even though if psychology has come far as a science, there is still a lot of philosophical influence on the subject throughout its branches which has nourished the field to what it is today.Psychology and informationThe advancements of the education process in deed had been an enormous support to the development and growth of the psychology field. at that place is even a separate branch dedicated as Educational Psychology where psychologists study on new changes and additions to the learning curriculum, infrastructure, special needs etc. to make the learning teaching experience to a greater extent efficient an d effective. Also there is a branch naming School psychology that works inwardly the educational system to help children with personal, social and academic issues. These developments as well as the advancements to education itself, has made the field of psychology vast. In early days there were a very minimal modus operandi of psychologists working in the field and it was field most of the people couldnt even understand. But give thanks to education, now we have millions of students learning psychology from high schools and collaged and many psychologists working towards the growth of the field.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream: an Ecological Interpretation

A Midsummer Nights imagine An Ecocritical Interpretation Lieutenant Asit Biswas Bio-Notes Lieut. Asit Biswas is an Assistant Professor, Dept. of English, and Associate NCC Officer, Acharya B. N. Seal (Govt. ) College, Cooch Behar, W. B. ABSTRACT Shakespe be studies in India started as advance(prenominal) as in the early decades of the 19th century when the Indians seldom eng whiled in Shakespe are interpretation and so the term ecocriticism was unheard of.What we mean by the phrase Critical studies of Shakespeare started in India in 1917 when Hindu College (later on Presidency College and now Presidency University) was founded. Then Shakespeare began to be evaluated from an oriental point of view. whatsoever of those interpretations may be considered ecocriticism. The same thing was done by Purna Chandra Basu (in his article Sahitye Khoon, D. L. Roy (in his disk, Kalidas O Bhababhuti) etc. Eco-criticism as a literary movement, as Yogesh K.Ti wari and N. D. R. Chandra secernat e, began in the 1990s. But ecocritical evaluation of Shakespeares plays from Indian point of view is yet to tucket intimately. In A Midsummer Nights envisageing one can find superfluity of materials relevant non solitary(prenominal) for the students of literary productions still of surroundal studies as well. The aim of the resign play is to rede Shakespeare play A Midsummer Nights Dream from ecocritical point of view and thereby disengage the contemporaneity of the Bard.Now-a-days many in many universities in India the students have to read English and Environmental Studies as compulsory subjects, Shakespeare being a part of the former. As the students of literature they would be keen to trace prohibited the aesthetic aspects of the dramas of Shakespeare while belonging to various disciplines they would innate(p)ly seek for the relevance of Shakespeare in the present context. So the paper is an attempt to bring out Shakespeares anticipation of the environmental proble ms and thereby prove Shakespeare as a topic of both literature and environmental studies.Modern environmentalism began with A Fable for Tomorrow, in Rachel Carsons Silent Spring (1962). Mrs. Frederick Boas edited the Cambridge collection of Tempest Essays Richard Kerridge N. Shammells produce Writing the Environment, Eco-criticism and Literature (Zed Books-1998) J. Bate & L. Coupe published The Green Studies Reader from Romanticism to Eco-Criticism (by bracing York, Routeledge-2000)but the most outstanding book in this sports stadium is Green Shakespeare by Gabriel Egan who says, Crossing he boundaries of literary and cultural studies to draw in politics, philosophy and ecology, this book not tho introduces one of the most lively areas of contemporary Shakespeare studies, but give carewiseputs forwarda convincing case for Shakespeares continuing relevance to contemporary theory. There is a significant school named as the Association for the study of Literature and Environment which was started in America and now has its telles in Japan and UK. It is chiefly an association of the eco-critics. The Role of Literature in Placing a Value on the Environment As Daniel B.Botkin and Edward A. Keller say in their book Environmental Science (5th edition, Page No. 11) the value of the environment is based on the following justifications aesthetic, creative, recreational, inspirational, moral, cultural and utilitarian (materialistic). Aesthetic justification has to do with our appreciation of beauty of temperament. Many populate prefer living in the world of wilderness to one without it. Rabindranath Tagore created an instance by leaving the clutter of Calcutta settling down in the lap of genius in Santiniketan.In Shakespeare the Forest of Arden minimizes the bereavement of the Duke in As You equivalent It. But in the Dukes bemoaning for the subordi terra firma of the forest we hear the voice of an ecologist. It would not be a digression to say that Tagores ec ocentrism is once more found in Siksha Tapoban in his comment on Shakespeares plays. While ecology is a mother branch of science, ecocriticism is comparatively a new branch which attempts to establish a relationship between literature and the physical environment.As Greg Garrard quotes in his book Eco-criticism from Glotfeltys book The Eco-criticism Reader Landmark in Literary Ecology Simply put, eco-criticism is the study of the relationship between literature and physical environment. Just as feminist criticism examines language and literature from a gender intended perspective, and Marxist criticism brings an awareness of modes of production and frugal class to its reading of texts, eco-criticism takes an earth-centred approach to literary study.Garrard also adds that eco-criticism is closely related to environmentally oriented developments in philosophy and political theory. So eco-criticism may be interpreted as the analysis of a literary text from the point of view of an eco logist. Another date of reference making writing that has relevance in our interpretation of A Midsummer Nights Dream is Simon C. Estoks interrogation paper titled Shakespeare and Ecocriticism An Analysis of Home and Power in King Lear in which the author explains the key terms Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism/ Ecocentrism and Ecophobia.Agreeing with Greg Garrard, Estok says that ecocriticism is not simply the study of nature or ingrained things in literature rather it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analysing the function thematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoretical, or otherwise the congenital environment, or aspects of it, represents in documents that contribute to material practices in material world. The explanation of the term ecophobia is also very(prenominal) much necessary in our revaluation of A Midsummer Nights Dream. Estok thinks that ecophobia is the fear of loss of agency and control to Nature.This ecophobia, found in both Oberon and Titania in A Midsummer Nights Dream, gives birth to various conflicts, both inner and outer, or, to say much than explicitly, psychological and social (which includes ecological aspects also) and this sociological aspects of the play justify the contemporaneity of the bard. Some minor research works have been done on this particular topic on national and international take aims. Some research papers have been published on eco-criticism in Shakespeares dramas in some journals describe may be made of the one write by Dr.Subh Brat Sarkar, Rishi Bankim Chandra College, Naihati, W. B. The paper already written by the present researcher and published in the Research Spectrum (August-2012 Issue) contains some hints of the Eco-criticism in Shakespeares plays as seen by Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore considered it to be a kind of colonialism. According to him colonialism is not only the supremacy of a weaker nation by a powerful one but the subordination of nature by human bein gs. Tagore also probably finds the ecologist Shakespeare as in As You Like It, The Tempest etc.According to Nirmal Selvamony, the humans have introduced a pecking g overn in nature. In that the humans have placed the domesticated animals higher than the wild animals. Even animals were ranged in hierarchic direct, the domestic and the wild (Selvamony 4). But in A Midsummer Nights Dream the role of the dominating power is taken by the fairies and the inferior race is the human beings. The fairies have busy the topmost position in the hierarchy of Nature and they subordinate man and they hostility in order to decide who will domesticate the Indian son who is the representative of the colonized pile.This kind of colonialism found in Nature may be termed Ecocolonialism or Eco-imperialism. In a super earthy drama like the present one the imperialists are the fairies but in reality they are the facultyy people and the colonized ones may be the flora and fauna or purge linguisticall y, culturally, racially, socially, politically, religiously or financially weaker section of the people. In A Midsummer Nights Dream an ecologist easily finds plenty of materials relevant not only to the students of literature but of science, curiously ecology also.The human beings in the person of the Indian boy or the European lovers are merely playthings to the mighty fairies. The fairies play with the humans for their own pleasure and showing their might and not for the amusement of the humans and they do it from anthropocentric point of view. In his Masters pointedness dissertation paper, (University of South Florida) Roy Patricia points out the environmental issues in MND by referring to Folk Medicine and the Four Fairies of A Midsummer Nights Dream, by Lou Agnes Reynolds and Paul Sawyer who have recovered the fairies from evil associations by casting them as herbal doctors.The article points to the strong early modern interest in the medicinal use of plants and finds that, by the use of this imagery, Shakespeare imbues his fairy characters and their natural remedies with beneficial, medicinal properties. Reynolds and Sawyers points are well taken, but we can develop them even further. Not only do the four attendant fairies Cobweb, Mustardseed, Peascod and blood cell represent fairy medicine but all the actions in the forest also act therapeutically upon the lovers. The inversion of love-roles and the dreams of the lovers depend upon Oberons extensive knowledge of the herbal lore of his world.As Oberon himself states Fare thee well, nymph Helena. Ere he do leave this grove / Thou shalt fly him, and he shall seek thy love. (2. 1. 245-6). In Act-1I, scene-i of from the row of hockey puck we come to know that the king, Oberon is angry with the power, Titania as she has seized away a boy from India and made him her servant. For Oberon is liberty chit fell and wrath, / Because she as her attendant hath / A lovely boy, stolen from an Indian king. But the king wants to seethe about the forests (Nature), along with the boy. As a result whenever they meet, they quarrel.Titania also pronounces him of emptying of the venom of jealousy. She says that whenever they meet they quarrel and as a result the wind cannot sing the song of peace and is sucking the fog from the scratch of the seas and the water level of the seas has been raised up the natural system has been disrupted, resulting in untimely flood and thereby destruction of massive area of crops and extinct of a number of species. The ever smiling spring, the scorching summer, the glower autumn and the cruel wintertime have changed their plight and so people cannot identify them.Titania confesses that they are responsible for this unholy variation of the cycle of seasons. The people cannot endure the change of the cycle of seasons suffer from untimely winter and also various kinds of diseases due to the change and endangered bio-diversity. In reply to the allegation of the queen, the king urges her to constitute the ecological imbalance as she has the power to remedy. The reason of their quarrel is also clear to the readerspossession of the boy kidnapped from India.Here the quarrel is between a power that has deprived the creature of his natural habitat and made him her servant and the eco-friendly power that is keen to roam about the forests, along with the innocent creature. But none is ready to bequeath the boy with absolute freedom and so their quarrel does not come to an end here. The king requests the queen to hand the boy over to him but she is too obstinate to nod. She frankly declares that she cannot lose her control over the boy even if she is given the whole fairy land. So Oberon decides to use tricks.He advises Puck to extract the succus of a certain flower which would act like black magic and leave its evil forge on Titanias eyes, if administered properly. It would also be able to invert the usual behaviour and natural instinct of a p erson as in the modern age we see the evil decide of narcotics especially in the third world countries. The harmful effect of the use of drugs on eco system is in general felt in the developing countries. Again Titania, admits that their quarrel has destroyed the usual course of the natural phenomena and nature has undergone vast changes, creating ocean of troubles for human beings.In Act-1, Scene-ii (Lines 81-117) Titania, the Queen of the fairies alleges that their quarrel has destroyed the usual habits of the natural phenomena and Nature has undergone vast changes, creating ocean of troubles for human beings. It may be considered Shakespeares anticipation of what McKibben says in his book The End of Nature (1990) We have changed the atmosphere, and thus we are changing the weather. By changing the weather we make every skin senses on earth man-made or artificial. We have deprived nature of its independence, and that is fatal to its meaning. Natures independence is its meaning ithout it there is nothing but us. (McKibben 1990 54) In this connection it may be recalled that India was a favourite commercial place to the Western countries form the time of ancient history. And for the fix possession of India some(prenominal) wars were for between the English and the French and others. The Indian boy in the play is symbolically a colony, an model place for business. Now-a-day it may be a typical Indian plant for whose patent the economic colonialists are ever fighting among themselves and in order to supersede one another destroying the eco system of the whole globe. belatedly we witnessed the war between Iraq and U. S. A. Various reasons may be found out but the naked truth is that the sole reason of the notorious war is nothing but the shameless effort of control over the rock oil mines of the Arabian countries. When the devil do square, that all their elves for fear/ Creep into acorn cups and hide them there. The peaceful people whenever get frightened, seek refuge in nature and it may be kept in understanding that the best remedy of various pollutions including noise pollution is plantation.Nature is the mans ultimate refuge because only nature can provide the human beings with eternal pleasure, both physical and mental. Puck also confesses that he, in order to make a fun and to show his prowess, perturbs the natural habits of an object both animate and inanimate. In modern age the modern Pucks very often destroy the Nature and subordinate the creatures of Nature very often out of fun. Examples may be given of the tortured animals in the circus shows, poachers activities etc moreover, we torture the animals in the zoo.Keeping bird cages is a favourite but cruel hobby of a kind of people even after the passage of law against it. It is not only inhuman and unlawful but harmful to bio-diversity also. Recently a television channel telecast a live show of beating thousands of innocent seals to goal in Antarctica by a community as it is the annual festival of the community. The pain of the poor seals, especially the half dead ones, the fear of the eco system to be disturbed, the melting of the glaciers and thereby upheaval of the sea level cannot render them anxious of the future of the earth.In this post-Modern age MND is quite relevant and significant since we witness the ecological imbalance, extermination of a large number of species, climatic change, global warming, uprising of the sea level, earth quake, tsunami, El Nino etc. The reason behind such troubles may be, along with the others, the wars (Gulf war, the long war between Iran and Iraq and of course the two World Wars), nuclear bomb testing and above all merciless deforestation. Here in the dustup of Titania we seem to hear the voice of an environment scientist or of an ecologist.It may be tinctured that the more mighty the power, the more strong a destroyer is he in this post-Modern Age. Probably Shakespeare anticipated the natural problems creat ed by the super-human power. The Titanias now-a-days are the war-mongers greedy of absolute power, who seldom think of the future of the globe. So in this age of science and technology the revaluation of the plays of Shakespeare is very much significant. In the same Act and scene the speech of Oberon (L-176185) is also significant.He speaks of the juice of a flower that is able to hypnotize any man or char and make him/her fall in love with any creature seen first. But the remedy is known to Oberon only. So it may be supposed that he wants to administer the cunning trick only to destroy the natural habit of a creature and to apply his remedy and thereby to prove his power. In the post-Modern age of economic colonialism this cunning theory is felt to have come back, but with a new dimension. For example the genus Par henceium plant has allegedly come from U. S. A. As found in an e-article (http//www. streetdirectory. om) It appears that Parthenium is not native to India, but it came with the imported wheat as a mixture, when the US sent wheat to India under PL 480 (Public Law 480 passed in 1954 to give food grains to developing countries) in 1956. However this concept was contradicted by some as not the real story because Parthenium was present in India even in 1951 itself. Some people allege that this plant causes asthma whose medicine would be made in USA and so in order to sell the medicine and to prevail over the subcontinent, the Americans sent the parthenium seeds as adulteration with wheat seeds.So the train is to make the Indians asthma patients and then to sell to them asthma medicine. But we should not engage ourselves in this controversy, since we are not talking of international politics but of literary criticism. Here, in the drama the role of Oberon is like that of a modern capitalist who uses his cunning method in order to prove his supremacy and thereby dominate over the comparatively weaker sections and he is doing this out of ecophobia. Ulti mately Oberon, the king realizes the harmful effect of his sports and then he feels sorry and takes the responsibility and so urges his assistant to correct the mistakes.He also pacifies his quarrel with Titania, once again with the help of the same narcotics. Here we see the constructive use of the herbs. Thus the play ends with an optimistic note and indirectly upholds the banner of Nature which is the best remedy for the revival of the impaired eco system. It also opines that man cannot rest happy by subordinating nature. Now in the age of global warming the plays of Shakespeare deserve a re-reading. One may recall the peaceful atmosphere in the Forest of Arden (As You Like It) and realize that subordination of nature cannot bring us mental peace as Tagore realized.He establishes his opinion by citing examples from As You Like It, Sakuntala etc. In the concluding song Puck urges the audience to consider the play to be a dream. We may do but it would not be an overstatement to co nsider it to be a dream of an ecologist because in the play we see what an ecologist would think of the vast change taken place in environment due to the modern leaders of the planet. Reference 1. Arumugam, E. (2008) Principles of Environmental Ethics, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi-2, India. 2. Bookchin, Murray, Anthropocentrism versus biocentrism a off dichotomy http//climateandcapitalism. om. 3. Botkin, Daniel B. Keller , Edward A. , (2005), Environmental Science, John Wiley Sons, Inc, U. S. A. 4. Estok, Simon C. , Shakespeare and Ecocriticism An Analysis of Home and Power in King Lear, http//simonestok. com. 5. Garrard, G. (2007) Ecocriticism, Routledge, London and New York. 6. Gifford, Terry (1999) Pastoral, Routeledge, London and New York. 7. Glotfelty, C. and Fromm, H. (ed) (1996) The Eco-criticism Reader Landmark in Literary Ecology, University of Georgia Press, London. 8. McKibben, B. (1990), The End of Nature, Penguin, London, 9.Patricia, Roy, (2004), Shak espeares Midsummer Fairies Shadows and Shamen of the Forest, http//scholarcommons. usf. edu/etd/1226 10. Purohit , S. S. Ranjan, Rajiv (2003), Ecology, Environment and Pollution, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, India. 11. Sarkar, Subh Brat, (2005), Ecological Theatre Performance and Ecological Issues (in Prakashkal) Unique Panshila, Sodepur, W. B. , India. 12. Selvamony, Nirmal, (2001) Persons for substitute Social Order, Chennai, India. 13. Shakespeare, William, A Midsummer Nights Dream, New Delhi Oxford IBH Publishing Co.Pvt Ltd. , 1980. 14. Tagore, R. , (1932) The Religion of Man, George Allen and Unwin, London. 15. Thompson, younger , E. , (1926), Rabindranath Tagore Poet and Dramatist, Read, p. 12, http//en. wikipedia. org. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. Dr. Amit Bhattacharya, Associate Professor Head, Dept. of English, University of Gour Banga, Malda, W. B. , India. 2. UGC (India) for MRP (No F. PHW-131/09-10 (ERO) Date Sept. 07, 2009) 3. The Essay was published in the International Journa l of forward-looking Research and Development (ISSN 2278-0211), Vol-1, Issue-6 September, 2012. www. ijird. com.

Are teachers underpaid

Underpaid? Are civilise teachers underpaid? I believe that Ameri mountain instruct teachers argon. With the rising salute of college dismissal to school to be a teacher is slowly becoming a less and less desire out Job. Even if perspective teachers pursue their dreams and graduate and establish a teaching Job, they ar close indefinitely going to aim a night Job to keep them ahead of their bills. The summer is an withal worse since teachers befuddle no source of income. Really the only manner a teacher sens obtain a decent raise is by getting a masters degree.Even then the teachers that do that qualification non be adapted to over the cost of the student loans and the regular bills. School teachers in Finland are paid like doctors and are respected twice as much. The country of Finland does this because they recognize teachers as the mend educators of the next generation of politicians, scientist, and engineers. So for those and many a(prenominal) other(a) reasons I believe that Ameri bottomland school teachers are underpaid. Public-school teachers earn less in wages on average than non-teachers with the same level of education. The regular starting line requital of a teacher in Iowa is about thirty-three thousand dollars.An average home cost more than that. So that raises the question, how can teachers afford to leave a mortgage when then can scarce buy off for the house? With the rising interest rate it makes making the payments even more stressful and can drag is out for longer than you originally planned. To make the payments on the bills near teachers impart pick up a night Job and use that to cover extra expenses such as doctor visits and other miscellaneous subjects. Most teachers will pick up little Jobs like clerks or waiting tables at night and even throughout the weekend if necessary.The thing that teachers need to do is learn how to manage their notes and start small and accumulate things over time. This is the outstr ip advice that somebody can give a teacher. This gives them the agency to pursue their career without having to worry about cosmos afraid of the income in the proximo. If they Just start in an apartment right out of college then there is nothing to be worried about because that is what most college graduates do. If they are married on the other hand the spouse is going to need to be able to help with the mortgage so that they can both tackle it together.College is a wonderful thing it gives you so much more out of your career then you could possibly imagine. College is also something that can ruin you financially if you dont get the right Job right away, causing them in a worst case scenario to tear bankruptcy. This is why going back to college can be a risky refer toa teacher that is already struggling to make ends meet and is thinking about furthering their degree to try to make more money. The typical college student graduates in about 4 years, and then add the masters degre e program and thats another 4 years and if you want yourPhD that is even more time to be taking out student loans. up to an almost unpayable amount. You need a very high paying Job to be able to pay those loans off or you could be paying them for the rest of your demeanor. So say you go to college and everything is great. You apply for many Jobs and you think you have a very practiced resume. And they go to the interview and you believe everything goes great and you have all the confidence in the world. As they await the call back their phone rings and they scene at the I. D it says that it is the office of the school. They answer and they give you the news.This can either go two ways, they get the Job, or they dont. Well what if you dont get the Job? wherefore what are they supposed to do Just let all those years of college go to waste? This is what many teachers are faced with when they get that fateful call and they get the bad news. The moral here is there is always a chance you might not get the Job. You might have to have another Job to hold you over while you explore for the perfect Job for you. If they do go to college and they get all the degrees necessary to get that top strait job. Even go above and beyond with the schooling and get their PhD to really solidify hat they be the Job.With all those years of schooling you come out with three main things, these include degrees, experience, and debt. The main thing large number acquire of the course of college is a lot of debt. Then they have to pay those after sestet months of not being in school. What if no school is hiring around them or if they didnt do enough internships. Then they are going to have a problem paying those loans back. The interest of those loans are at an all-time high and they are rising yearly thats why some students dont even go to school or go for those low paying jobs. Most teachers apply for the loan forgiveness.They get this if they teach in the nominate they got cert ified in for five years. While teaching in the state. When most college students think about the future they dont imagine staying in their home state for all of their lives thats Just the way that most young people are. This will geta lot of people to stay no matter what and that means there will always be competition for a teaching Job. The teaching profession will always be one that you can count on being here. Getting that loan forgiveness is probably the best thing you can do as a student ooking for a Job out of college.Now with this aim there are people that say teachers are actually paid enough. This goes with saying that they are apply in a different country. College professors make a lot more than the average high school or elementary school teacher. Teachers in England earn about four thousand more than their sideboard parts. (Tim Ross 1) This accounts for the education gap that compares the other countries to the United States. They also have about 100 hours less of tea ching. ) This snows that teachers dont need all that time in school to learn subjectsThis also keeps the students from losing interest in what they are being taught. Teachers in other countries are mostly about 40 years or older. Teachers who get a masters degree will earn about 5 percent more than a teacher who doesnt. This can be a lot to someone who didnt get a very nifty starting salary. This can be a driving factor to go those two years in graduate school and take on those student loans. With added experience you can add a lot of boosters to your salary. If your class had good test scores and how well they did on standardized test.That is what they Judge you for how much they are willing to pay you for your services. So there is a really good opportunity to get a really good salary, but that is only if you have tons of experience and are a very good teacher. Teachers in other countries a very highly regarded even as high as doctors and judges. They get this way because they ar e seen as the teachers of the country. The people that do their Jobs today might not be able to do them tomorrow and that is why the teachers are so important to them. They teach the people that will take the veritable employees place when they can no longer work.So this paper talks about a lot of things. With those things are teachers are not paid enough to live in the Americas. They cannot afford the many things in life that you. So this is a call to the government to think about getting teachers a higher salary since they are state employees. To the public I say this. Who are you to blame the teacher for your child flunk a class. Maybe they Just dont pay attention to the teacher that is in front of the class. So by chance you need to respect the teacher to make sure that your child gets a better education to be more successful in their lives. comp

Do critical approaches Marxism, feminism, constructivism improve our understanding of international politics?

AbstractIn the present-day(a) eon, the occupation of critical theoretical approaches is of signifi puket splendour if one is willing to develop a more(prenominal) comprehensive arrest of valet de chambre(prenominal) politics and transnational dealings. Theoretical approaches, such as Marxism, Constructivism and feminist movement can non but provide such an understanding, but their convergence and can significantly contribute to our increase awareness of globular inequalities and the dimensions in which they occur by placing ferocity in not only on the kind mingled with the structure and substance, but also capitulum their very nature and scrutinised the normative codes which guide human mode. disrespect some of the limitations which the theories have, their complementary use can be used successfully in order to agnise a more critical stead on the nature of world governance.IntroductionIn the contemporary era, the application of critical theoretical approaches i s of significant splendour if one is willing to develop a more comprehensive understanding of international politics and international relations. As this essay will demonstrate, although approaches such as Marxism, Constructivism and Feminism cannot alone provide such an understanding, their complementary use can significantly contribute to our increased awareness of global inequalities and the dimensions in which they occur.MarxismThe impact of bolshy theory on the development of critical theorising in international politics is one the significance of which can hardly be denied. Despite this, Marxist idealogue have often been accused of not taking into account factors such as nationalism, as well up as the balance of power among states in order to sustain and structure world politics (Linklater, 2013). Moreover, Marxist theories in the late 1970s and early 1980s found it increasingly difficult to devise an uninflected framework for explaining the relationship of nation-states and violence in period of increased globalisation, characterised by increased national fragmentation, as well the resurgence of violent conflicts based on ethnicity (Giddens, 1985). This can the attributed to the inability of traditional Marxist pattern to move beyond theorising closely the significance of class conflict and the importance of social relations in terms of modes of production. Despite this flaw, more contemporary neo-Marxist theorists have attempted to revitalise this critical approach by placing emphasis on the relationships between states, markets and the capitalist world economy in the era of globalisation (Teschke, 2003 Halliday, 1994 Rosenberg, 1994 Gamble, 1999). The application of Marxist thought has increasingly drawn attention to the problem of global unlikeness which the capitalist governance has led to (Wallerstein, 1979 Thomas, 1999 Linklater, 2013). Thus, the importance of modes of production have successfully been utilised in order to challenge the economical discrepancy, which is characteristic of contemporary world markets and question the power relationships which exist between states on the international level. existence mainly preoccupied with material deprivation and inequality, however, Marxism has failed to take into account the norms and values which governance the structures of economics and politics, a question which has preoccupied constructivist theories of international relations.ConstructivismBy contrast to Marxism, Constructivism places emphasis not only on the importance of material structures, but as well as the normative dimension which is associated with it, as well the importance of identity formation and manifestation (Price and Reus-Smit, 1998). Thus, constructivism attempts to remedy the Marxists neglect of the importance of agency and its relationship to structure in the process of devising and implementing decisions related to international politics and relations among states in the era of globalisat ion (Reus-Smit, 2008).Therefore, Constructivism is complimentary to both more traditional approaches of theorising about international politics, such as Rationalism, as well as more critical approaches such as Marxism (Reus-Smit, 2013). More importantly, the significance of human agency is not deprived from the structure which determines the manifestation of the actors interests in fact it calls for the critical military rank of the institutionalised norms which are the mediator between structure and agency. This can be of considerable advantage of understanding the contemporary global inequalities which exists, between countries from the Third World and post-industrialist Western states, as it will question not only the existing states of affairs in international politics, but also the moral dimensions of the reasoning rotter it. By placing emphasis on the development of normative frameworks which are used as guides and rationale for the execution of instrument of specific decis ions in relation to international politics, Constructivism can successfully scrutinise and moralise the power inequality among states and if used alongside neo-Marxist theories it can question both structure and agency. What both fail to take into account, however, is that agency in the era of global inequality also has a specific dimension, a problem which is communicate by Feminism.FeminismBy contrast to both Marxism and Constructivism, feminist theories of international politics and international relations took prominence only in the early 1990s, though their impact for the development of the academic disciplines has been considerable (True, 2003). Feminism as an intellectual tradition questioned the very nature of the agency which had an impact on the development of international politics and introduced in the notion of gender as an empirical category and analytical tool by dint of which global inequality and unequal power distribution could be understood (True, 2013). Thus, F eminism, alongside Constructivism could be considered as a major breakthrough as both of them questioned the more traditional discourse of power relations and moved beyond the singular focus on inter-state relations that characterised more traditional theories in the study of International Relations (ibid.). Feminist thought has attracted attention to the specific dimensions of global inequality, resulting from the transformation of economic world markets. In fact, it has been suggested that the process of globalisation has increased the inequality between men and women worldwide, ultimately resulting in a feminisation of poverty (Chant, 2007 Chant, 2008). The increased emphasis on export and outsourcing reflecting the priorities of the global financial markets, have disproportionately affected women (Marchand and Runyan 2010). This rise in inequality and insecurity is also linked to the development of violent conflicts in states where inequality between genders is high (Goldstein, 2003). On the other hand, gender equality in states is said to deoxidize the likelihood of the use of violence in intra-state disputes (Caprioli, 2005 Caprioli and Boyer, 2001). Therefore, it could be argued that the use of more critical perspectives in theorising about international politics could significantly contribute to our understanding of global politics and could potentially results in less(prenominal) violent conflicts in the future if emphasis is placed on the reduction of global inequality and its gendered dimension. remnantAs this essay has demonstrated, the critical theories of Marxism, Constructivism and Feminism could further our understanding of the nature of global inequalities by placing emphasis in not only on the relationship between the structure and agency, but also question their very nature and scrutinised the normative codes which guide human agency. Despite some of the limitations which these theories have, their complementary use can be used successfull y in order to gain a more critical perspective on the nature of world governance.BibliographyCaprioli, M. (2005). 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